CBSE Class 12th Exam Results Announced:

What is an economy? Central problems of an economy: what, how and for whom to produce; concepts of production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.
Unit 2: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand

• Consumer's equilibrium – meaning of utility, marginal utility, the law of diminishing marginal utility, conditions of consumer's equilibrium using marginal utility analysis.

• Indifference curve analysis of consumer's equilibrium-the consumer's budget (budget set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference map) and conditions of consumer's equilibrium.

• Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand - factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurement of price elasticity of demand – (a) percentage-change method and (b) geometric method (linear demand curve); relationship between price elasticity of demand and total expenditure.

Unit 3: Producer Behaviour and Supply

• Production function - Short-Run and Long-Run

• Total Product, Average Product, and Marginal Product.

• Returns to a Factor.

• Cost and Revenue: Short run costs - total cost, total fixed cost, total variable cost; Average cost; Average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost-meaning and their relationship.

• Revenue - total, average and marginal revenue - meaning and their relationship.

• Producer's equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of marginal revenue-marginal cost.

Unit 4: Forms of Market and Price Determination

• Perfect competition - Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply.

• Other Market Forms - monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly - their meaning and features.

• Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, price floor.

Part B: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 5: National Income and related aggregates

• Some basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

• The circular flow of income; Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

• Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; National Disposable Income (gross and net), Private Income, Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income; Real and Nominal GDP.

• GDP and Welfare.

Unit 6: Money and Banking

• Money - its meaning and functions.

• Supply of money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

• Money creation by the commercial banking system.

• The Central bank and its functions ( an example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of the issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Controller of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 7: Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate demand and its components. The propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).

• Short–run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. 

• Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

• Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them - change in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 8: Government Budget and the Economy

• Government budget - meaning, objectives, and components.

• Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure - revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

• Measures of government deficit - revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Unit 9: Balance of Payments

• The balance of payments account - meaning and components; the balance of payments deficit-meaning. 

• Foreign exchange rate - the meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed to float.

• Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

Download your CBSE 12th Class Economics Syllabus.

Engineering Graphics

 The Engineering Graphics mainly related to the diagram related topics and also with the practical. The course structure is mentioned below.

Course Structure of Engineering Graphics

The course structure of Engineering Graphics are mentioned below

Unit I: Isometric Projection of Solids

• (i) Construction of isometric scale showing main divisions of 10 mm and smaller divisions of 1 mm, also showing the leading angles. Drawing helping views such as triangles, pentagon, hexagon, etc., using an isometric scale.

• (ii) Isometric projections (drawn to isometric scale) of solids such as cube, regular prism and pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal and hexagonal), cone, cylinder, sphere, hemisphere, frustum of right regular pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal) and cone, when they are cut by a plane parallel to the base. The axis and the base side of the solid should be either perpendicular to HP / VP or parallel to HP and VP. (Indicate the direction of viewing)

• (iii) Combination of two solids (except "frustum" of Pyramids and Cone) Keeping the base side parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP and placed centrally together, axis of both the solids should not be given parallel to HP.

Note:
(1) Question on frustum will be asked in the vertical position only. 
(2) Hidden lines are not required in isometric projection.

Unit II: Machine Drawing
A. Drawing of machine parts
(i) Drawing to full-size scale with instruments.
(Internal choice will be given between any two of the following).
Introduction of threads: Standard profiles of screw threads square, knuckle, B.S.W., Metric (external and internal). Bolts (Square, Hexagonal, Tee, and Hook); Nuts: (Square and Hexagonal), Plain washer, a combination of nut and bolt with or without a washer for assembling two parts together, Single riveted lap joint with standard dimensions.
(ii) Freehand sketches 
(Internal choice will be given between any two of the following).
Conventional representation of external and internal threads; studs (plain, square-neck, and collar), screws (round-head, cheesehead, 900 flat countersunk-head, hexagonal socket head and grub-screw). Types of rivets:- snap head, pan head-without tapered neck, flat head and 600 countersunk flat head. Types of sunk-keys (rectangular taper, Woodruff and double-head feather key with gib head on both ends).

B. Assembly drawings and Dis-Assembly drawings
(Internal choice will be given between an Assembly drawing and a Dis-Assembly drawing).
Note:
1. In all Assembly drawings, the half sectional front view will be asked. Side/End view or Top View/Plan will be drawn without section.
2. In all the Dis-assembly drawings, only two orthographic views (one of the two views may be half in section or full in section) of any two parts.
3. (a) In all sectional views, hidden lines/edges are not to be shown. (b) In all full views, hidden /edges are to be shown.
1. Bearings

• (i) Open-Bearing

• (ii) Bushed-Bearing

2. Rod-Joints

• (i) Cotter-joints for circular-rods (socket and spigot joint)

• (ii) Cotter-joints for round-rods (sleeve and cotter joint)

• (iii) Cotter-joints for square rods (Gib and cotter-joint)

3. Tie-rod and Pipe-joint

• (i) Turnbuckle

• (ii) Flange pipe joint

4. Couplings

• (i) Unprotected Flange Coupling (having socket and spigot arrangement)

• (ii) Protected Flange Coupling

Download your CBSE 12th Class Engineering Graphics Syllabus.

English 

The English language which plays a very important role in language papers recently.The course structure of English Core is mentioned below.

Course structure of English Core 

The Course structure of English core is given below as

Section A: Reading Unseen Passages and Note-making

• Two unseen passages with a variety of very short answer / short answer or MCQ type questions to test comprehension, interpretation, and inference. Vocabulary such as word formation and inference of meaning will also be tested.

• The total length of the two passages will be between 1100 and 1200 words.

The passage will include two of the following:

• a. Factual passages, e.g., instructions, descriptions, reports.

• b. Descriptive passages involving opinion, e.g., argumentative, persuasive or interpretative text. 

• c. Literary passages, e.g., extract from fiction, drama, poetry, essay or biography. A poem could be of 28-35 lines. 

• The passages can be literary, factual or discursive to test comprehension. The length of one passage should be between 600-700 words.

• The third passage of 400-500 words for note-making and abstraction.

Section B: Writing Skills

• Short Answer Questions, e.g., advertisement and notices, designing or drafting posters, writing formal and informal invitations and replies.

• Long Answer Questions: Letters based on the verbal/visual input.

• Letter types include

• Business or official letters (for making inquiries, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies) 

• Letters to the editor (giving suggestions or opinion on issues of public interest.

Section C: Literature and Long Reading Text

• Application for a job 

• Very Long Answer Questions: Two compositions based on visual and/or verbal Input may be descriptive or argumentative in nature such as an article, a debate or a speech.

• Flamingo and Vistas

• Very Short Answer Questions - Based on an extract from poetry to test comprehension and appreciation.

• Short Answer Questions - Based on prose/drama/poetry from both the texts. 

• Long Answer Question - Based on texts to test global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the texts to bring out the key messages and values.

• Long Answer Question - Based on texts to test global comprehension along with analysis and extrapolation. 

• Long Answer Question - Based on the theme, plot, and incidents from the prescribed novels. 

• Long Answer Question - Based on understanding appreciation, analysis and interpretation of the character sketch.

• Prescribed Books

• Flamingo: English Reader published by NCERT

• Vistas: Supplementary Reader published by NCERT.

Course structure of English Elective

The course structure of English Elective is mentioned as

Section A: Reading Skills

Very short answer / Short answer and MCQ type questions:

Two unseen passages (including poems) with a variety of questions including 04 marks for vocabulary such as word formation and inferring meaning. The total range of the two passages including a poem or a stanza should be around 1000-1100 words to assess comprehension, analysis, inference, evaluation and literary appreciation.

1. 550-600 words in length (for note-making and summarising)

2. 450-500 words in length (to test comprehension)

The passage could be of any one of the following types:

• Factual passages, e.g., illustrations, description, reports

• Discursive passages involving opinion, e.g., argumentative, persuasive

• Literary passages, e.g., poems, extracts from fiction, biography, autobiography, travelogue, etc. In the case of a poem, the text may be shorter than the prescribed word limit.

Section B: Writing Skills and Grammar

Short Answer Question: Notices, advertisements, factual description of people, places and objects, drafting posters, drafting, accepting and declining invitations.

Long Answer Question: Letter of any of the following types based on a verbal or visual input:  

• a) Official letters for making inquiries, suggesting changes - registering and responding to complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies.

• b) Letters to the editor on various social, national and international issues.

• c) Application for a job including CV (Curriculum Vitae) / Resumé.

Very Long Answer Question: Sustained writing task such as writing a speech, an article for a magazine or a report based on the verbal/visual input.

Grammar

A variety of questions, as listed below may be asked, involving the application of grammar items in context (i.e., not in isolated sentences). The grammar syllabus will be sampled each year. Though only models, determiners, voice and tense forms have been dealt with in class XI, however, other grammar items such as prepositions, verb forms, connectors which have been learned earlier would also be included.

Very Short Questions and Multiple Choice Questions

• Reordering of words and sentences

• Composing a dialogue based on a given input

• Error correction in sentences

• Drafting questions/questionnaires based on given input

Section C: Literature: Prescribed Books and Long Reading Text (Novel)

• Questions to test comprehension at different levels and of different kinds - local, global, interpretative, inferential, evaluative and extrapolation.

• Very Short and Short Answer Questions: Two based on out of three extracts from different poems to test theme, setting and literary devices.

• Short Answer Questions: Based on different prose/drama/poetry/pieces from the Literature Reader; to test local and global comprehension of ideas and languages used in the text.

• Long Answer Question: Extended questions based on one of the prose texts or play in the Literature Reader to test global comprehension and for extrapolation beyond the text.

• Long Answer Questions: To test understanding, appreciation, analysis, inference in a plot and writing a character sketch.

Note: Values based questions for 4 marks may be asked in Sections - B or C

Prescribed Books

1. Language Skills book - Class XII English Elective CBSE published by Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi.

2. Literature Reader - Class XII English Elective CBSE published by Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi.

3. Novel (either one)

• i) The Invisible Man (Unabridged) by H.G. Wells

• ii) Silas Marner (Unabridged) by George Eliot.

Download your CBSE 12th Class English Syllabus.

Geography

Geography subject mainly deals with countries and their capitals and also a deatiled study about the regions.The course structure of 
Geography is mentioned below.

Course Structure of Geography

The course structure of Geography is below

A. Fundamentals of Human Geography
Unit 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope
Unit 2: People 
Population-distribution,density and growth
Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition; 
Human development - concept; selected indicators, international comparisons
Unit 3: Human Activities 
Primary activities - concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities - some examples from selected countries.
Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types - household, small scale, large scale; agro-based and mineral based industries; people engaged in secondary activities - some examples from selected countries.
Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport, and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities - some examples from selected countries.
Quaternary activities - concept; people engaged in quaternary activities - a case study from selected countries.
Unit 4: Transport, Communication & Trade 
Land transport - roads, railways; trans-continental railways.
Water transport - inland waterways; major ocean routes.
Air transport - Intercontinental air routes.
Oil and gas pipelines.
Satellite communication and cyberspace- Importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS.
International trade-Bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, the role of WTO in International trade.
Ocean: National rights and international treaties.
Unit 5: Human settlements 
Settlement types - rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of megacities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.
Map Work
Map Work on the identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline/Physical/Political Map of World.
B. India: People and Economy
Unit 6: People 
Population: distribution, density, and growth; composition of the population - linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in the growth of population.
Migration: international, national-causes and consequences.
Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns.
Population, environment, and development.
Unit 7: Human Settlements 
Rural settlements - types and distribution.
Urban settlements - types, distribution and functional classification.
Unit 8: Resources and Development 
Land resources - general land use; agricultural land use, Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, and Rubber), agricultural development and problems.
Water resources - availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods -rain water harvesting and watershed management.
Mineral and energy resources - distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, the wind, biogas) and conservation.
Industries - types, factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; the impact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization on industrial location; industrial clusters.
Planning in India - target group area planning (case study); the idea of sustainable development (case study).
Unit 9: Transport, Communication, and International Trade 
Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways, and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks.
International trade - changing pattern of India's foreign trade; seaports and their hinterland and airports.
Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems 
Environmental pollution; urban - waste disposal.
Urbanisation, rural-urban migration; problems of slums.
Land degradation.
Map Work
Map work on locating and labeling of features based on above units on an outline map of India.
C. Practical Work
Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping 
Unit 2: Field study or Spatial Information Technology.

Download your CBSE 12th Class Geography Syllabus 

History

History subject mainly deals with Historic events and movements and it is a vocational subject.The course structure of History is given below.

Course Structure of History

The course structure of History is mentioned below

Syllabus of CBSE 12th History
 

The syllabus of CBSE 12th History is prescribed below.

Themes in Indian History Part-I

• 1. The Story of the First Cities: Harappan Archaeology

• 2. Political and Economic History: How Inscriptions tell a story

• 3. Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata

• 4. A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa

Themes in Indian History Part-II

• 5. Agrarian Relations: The Ain-i- Akbari

• 6. The Mughal Court: Reconstructing Histories through Chronicles

• 7. New Architecture: Hampi

• 8. Religious Histories: The Bhakti-Sufi tradition

• 9. Medieval Society Through Travellers' Accounts

Themes in Indian History Part-III

• 10. Colonialism and-Rural Society: Evidence from Official Reports

• 11. Representations of 1857

• 12. Colonialism and Indian Towns: Town Plans and Municipal Reports

• 13. Mahatma Gandhi through Contemporary ‰Eyes

• 14. Partition through Oral Sources

• 15. The Making of the Constitution

Unit 16: Map Work

Download your CBSE 12th Class History Syllabus.

Home Science

Home Science subject deals with the is the science of a home and it includes all the things that concern the person, home, family members, and resources. It is the education for "better living" and the core of this education is the family ecosystem.

Course Structure of Home Science

The course structure of Home Science is prescribed below

Unit I: Human Development: Lifespan Approach (Part II)
A. Adolescence (12 - 18 years)(i) Growth & Development - Domains and principles.
(ii) Meaning, characteristics, and needs.
(iii) Influences on identity formation
(a) Biological and Physical changes-early and late mature. (Role of heredity and environment)
(b) Social, culture and media.
(c) Emotional changes.
(d) Cognitive changes.
(iv) Specific issues and concerns
(a) Eating disorders-Causes, consequences, and management - Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia.
(b) Depression
(c) Substance Abuse
(d) Related to sex
(e) Handling stress and peer pressure.

B. Adulthood:
(i) Young & middle adulthood: Understanding and management of new responsibilities, carrier marriage, and family.
(ii) Late Adulthood/Old age:
(a) Health and Wellness: physical, social, emotional, financial, recreational needs
(b) Care for elderly (at home and outside - old age home)
(c) Anger management

Unit II: Nutrition for Self, Family and Community